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1.4 Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells
1.3 Classification of Crystalline Solids
1.2 Amorphous and Crystalline Solids
1.1 General Characteristics of Solid State
Unit 1 - The Solid State

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1.2.3 Post-fertilisation Events

1.2.3 Post-fertilisation Events

March 9, 2019April 21, 2020 Mounika

Events in sexual reproduction after the formation of zygote are called post-fertilisation events.

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1.2.2 Fertilisation

1.2.3.1 The Zygote

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Unit 1 – Diversity In The Living World

Chapter 1 – The living World

1.1 What Is ‘living’?
1.2 Diversity In The Living World
1.3 Taxonomic Categories
1.4 Taxonomical Aids
Chapter 1 – The Living World – Summary
Unit 1 Chapter 1 Exercise with Solutions

Chapter 2 - Biological Classification

2.1 Kingdom Monera
2.2 Kingdom Protista
2.3 Kingdom Fungi
2.4 Kingdom Plantae
2.5 Kingdom Animalia
2.6 Vruses , Viroids , Prions And Lichens
Chapter 2 – Biological classification – Summary

Chapter 3 – Plant Kingdom

3.1 Algae
3.2 Bryophytes
3.3 Pteridophytes
3.4 Gymnosperms
3.5 Angiosperms
3.6 Plant Life Cycles And Alternation Of Generations
Chapter 3 – Plant kingdom – Summary
Unit 1 Chapter 3 Exercise with solutions

Chapter 4 – Animal Kingdom

4.1 Basis of Classification

4.1.1 Levels of Organisation
4.1.2 Symmetry
4.1.3 Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organisation
4.1.4 Coelom
4.1.5 Segmentation
4.1.6 Notochord

Chapter 5-Morphology of Flowering Plants

5.1 The Root

5.1.1 Regions of the Root
5.1.2 Modifications of Root

5.2 The Stem

5.2.1 Modifications of Stem

5.3 The Leaf

5.3.1 Venation
5.3.2 Types of Leaves
5.3.3 Phyllotaxy
5.3.4 Modifications of Leaves

5.4 The Inflorescence

5.5 The Flower

5.5.1 Parts of a Flower

5.5.1.1 Calyx
5.5.1.2 Corolla
5.5.1.3 Androecium
5.5.1.4 Gynoecium

5.6 The Fruit

5.7 The Seed

5.7.1 Structure of a Dicotyledonous Seed
5.7.2 Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed

5.8 Semi-Technical Description of a Typical Flowering Plant

5.9 Description of Some Important Families

5.9.1 Fabaceae
5.9.2 Solanaceae
5.9.3 Lilaceae

Chapter 6-Anatomy of Flowering Plants

6.1 The Tissues

6.1.1 Meristematic Tissues

6.1.2 Permanent Tissues

6.1.2.1 Simple Tissues
6.1.2.2 Complex Tissues

6.2 The Tissue System

6.2.1 Epidermal Tissue System
6.2.2 The Ground Tissue System
6.2.3 The Vascular Tissue System

6.3 Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants

6.3.1 Dicotyledonous Root
6.3.2 Monocotyledonous Root
6.3.3 Dicotyledonous Stem
6.3.4 Monocotyledonous Stem
6.3.5 Dorsiventral (Dicotyledonous) Leaf
6.3.6 Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf

6.4 Secondary Growth

6.4.1 Vascular Cambium

6.4.1.1 Formation of cambial ring
6.4.1.2 Activity of the cambial ring
6.4.1.3 Spring wood and autumn wood
6.4.1.4 Heartwood and sapwood

6.4.2 Cork Cambium

6.4.3 Secondary Growth in Roots

Chapter 7 – Structural Organisation in Animals

7.1 Animal Tissues

7.1.1 Epithelial Tissue
7.1.2 Connective Tissue
7.1.3 Muscle Tissue
7.1.4 Neural Tissue

7.2 Organ and Organ System

7.3 Earthworm

7.3.1 Morphology
7.3.2 Anatomy

7.4 Cockroach

7.4.1 Morphology
7.4.2 Anatomy

7.5.1 Morphology
7.5.2 Anatomy

Chapter 8 – Cell : The Unit of Life

8.1 what is a cell?

8.2 Cell Theory

8.3 An Overview of Cell

8.4 Prokaryotic Cells

8.4.1 Cell Envelope and its Modifications
8.4.2 Ribosomes and Inclusion Bodies

8.5 Eukaryotic Cells

8.5.1 Cell Membrane

8.5.2 Cell Wall

8.5.3 Endomembrane System

8.5.3.1 The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
8.5.3.2 Golgi apparatus
8.5.3.3 Lysosomes
8.5.3.4 Vacuoles

8.5.4 Mitochondria

8.5.5 Plastids

8.5.6 Ribosomes

8.5.7 Cytoskeleton

8.5.8 Cilia and Flagella

8.5.9 Centrosome and Centrioles

8.5.10 Nucleus

8.5.11 Microbodies

Chapter 9 – Biomolecules

9.1 How to Analyse Chemical Composition?

9.2 Primary and Secondary Metabolites

9.3 Biomacromolecules

9.4 Proteins

9.5 Polysaccharides

9.6 Nucleic Acids

9.7 Structure of Proteins

9.8 Nature of Bond Linking Monomers in a Polymer

9.9 Dynamic State of Body Constituents – Concept of Metabolism

9.10 Metabolic Basis for Living

9.11 The Living State

9.12 Enzymes

9.12.1 Chemical Reactions
9.12.2 How do Enzymes bring about such High Rates of Chemical Conversions?
9.12.3 Nature of Enzyme Action
9.12.4 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
9.12.5 Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes
9.12.6 Co-factors

Chapter 10 – Cell Cycle and Cell Division

10.1 Cell Cycle

10.1.1 Phases of Cell Cycle

10.2 M Phase

10.2.1 Prophase
10.2.2 Metaphase
10.2.3 Anaphase
10.2.4 Telophase
10.2.5 Cytokinesis

10.3 Significance of Mitosis

10.4 Meiosis

10.4.1 Meiosis I
10.4.2 Meiosis II

10.5 Significance of Meisos

Chapter 11 – Transport in Plants

11.1 Means Of Transport

11.1.1 Diffusion

11.1.2 Facilitated Diffusion

11.1.2.1 Passive symports and antiports

11.1.3 Active Transport

11.1.4 Comparison of Different Transport Processes

11.2 Plant-Water Relations

11.2.1 Water Potential
11.2.2 Osmosis
11.2.3 Plasmolysis
11.2.4 Imbibition

11.3 Long Distance Transport of water

11.3.1 How do Plants Absorb Water?

11.3.2 Water Movement up a Plant

11.3.2.1 Root Pressure

11.4 Transpiration

11.4.1 Transpiration and Photosynthesis – a Compromise

11.5 Uptake and Transport of Mineral Nutrients

11.5.1 Uptake of Mineral Ions
11.5.2 Translocation of Mineral Ions

11.6 Phloem Transport : Flow From Source to Sink

11.6.1 The Pressure Flow or Mass Flow Hypothesis

Chapter 12 – Mineral Nutrition

12.1 Methods to Study the Mineral Requirements of Plants

12.2 Essential Mineral Elements

12.2.1 Criteria for Essentiality
12.2.2 Role of Macro- and Micro-nutrients
12.2.3 Deficiency Symptoms of Essential Elements
12.2.4 Toxicity of Micronutrients

12.3 Mechanism of Absorption of Elements

12.4 Translocation of Solutes

12.5 Soil as Reservoir of Essential Elements

12.6 Metabolism of Nitrogen

12.6.1 Nitrogen Cycle
12.6.2 Biological Nitrogen Fixation

Chapter 13 – Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

13.1 What do we Know?

13.2 Early Experiments

13.3 Where does Photosynthesis take place?

13.4 How many Pigments are involved in Photosynthesis?

13.5 What is a Light reaction?

13.6 The Electron Transport

13.6.1 Splitting of Water
13.6.2 Cyclic and Non-cyclic Photo-phosphorylation
13.6.3 Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

13.7 Where are the ATP and NADPH Used?

13.7.1 The Primary Acceptor of CO2
13.7.2 The Calvin Cycle

13.8 The C4 Pathway

13.9 Photorespiration

13.10 Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

13.10.1 Light
13.10.2 Carbon dioxide Concentration
13.10.3 Temperature
13.10.4 Water

Chapter 14 – Respiration in Plants

14.1 Do Plants Breathe?

14.2 Glycolysis

14.3 Fermentation

14.4 Aerobic respiration

14.4.1 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
14.4.2 Electron Transport System (ETS) and Oxidative Phosphorylation

14.5 The Respiratory Balance sheet

14.6 Amphibolic Pathway

14.7 Respiratory Quotient

Chapter 15 – Plant Growth and Development

15.1 Growth

15.1.1 Plant Growth Generally is Indeterminate
15.1.2 Growth is Measurable
15.1.3 Phases of Growth
15.1.4 Growth Rates
15.1.5 Conditions for Growth

15.2 Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation

15.3 Development

15.4 Plant Growth Regulators

15.4.1 Characteristics

15.4.2 The Discovery of Plant Growth Regulators

15.4.3 Physiological Effects of Plant Growth Regulators

15.4.3.1 Auxins
15.4.3.2 Gibberellins
15.4.3.3 Cytokinins
15.4.3.4 Ethylene
15.4.3.5 Abscisic acid

15.5 Photoperiodism

15.6 Vernalisation

Chapter 16 – Digestion and Absorption

16.1 Digestive System

16.1.1 Alimentary Canal
16.1.2 Digestive Glands

16.2 Digestion of food

16.3 Absorption of digestive products

16.4 Disorders of digestive system

Chapter 17 – Breathing And Exchange of Gases

17.1 Respiratory Organs

17.1.1 Human Respiratory System

17.2 Mechanism of Breathing

17.2.1 Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

17.3 Exchange of Gases

17.4 Transport of Gases

17.4.1 Transport of Oxygen
17.4.2 Transport of Carbon dioxide

17.5 Regulation of Respiration

17.6 Disorders of Respiratory System

Chapter 18 – Body Fluids and Circulation

18.1.1 Plasma

18.1.2 Formed Elements

18.1.3 Blood Groups

18.1.3.1 ABO grouping
18.1.3.2 Rh grouping

18.1.4 Coagulation of Blood

18.2 Lymph (Tissue Fluid)

18.3 Circulatory Pathways

18.3.1 Human Circulatory System
18.3.2 Cardiac Cycle
18.3.3 Electrocardiograph (ECG)

18.4 Double Circulation

18.5 Regulation of Cardiac Activity

18.6 Disorders of Circulatory System

Chapter 19 – Excretory Products and Their Elimination

19.1 Human Excretory System
19.2 Urine Formation
19.3 Function of the Tubules
19.4 Mechanism of Concentration of the Filtrate
19.5 Regulation of Kidney Function
19.6 Micturition
19.7 Role of other Organs in Excretion
19.8 Disorders of the Excretory System
Summary

Chapter 20 – Locomotion and Movement

20.1 Types of Movement

20.2 Muscle

20.2.1 Structure of Contractile Proteins
20.2.2 Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

20.3 Skeletal System

20.4 Joints

20.5 Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System

Chapter 21 – Neural Control And Coordination

21.1 Neural System

21.2 Human Neural System

21.3 Neuron as Structural and Functional Unit of Neural System

21.3.1 Generation and Conduction of Nerve Impulse
21.3.2 Transmission of Impulses

21.4 Central Neural System

21.4.1 Forebrain
21.4.2 Midbrain
21.4.3 Hindbrain

21.5 Reflex Action and Reflex Arc

21.6 Sensory Reception and Processing

21.6.1.1 Parts of an eye
21.6.1.2 Mechanism of Vision

21.6.2 The Ear

20.6.2.1 Mechanism of Hearing

Chapter 22 – Chemical Coordination and Integration

22.1 Endocrine Glands and Hormones

22.2 Human Endocrine System

22.2.1 The Hypothalamus
22.2.2 The Pituitary Gland
22.2.3 The Pineal Gland
22.2.4 Thyroid Gland
22.2.5 Parathyroid Gland
22.2.6 Thymus
22.2.7 Adrenal Gland
22.2.8 Pancreas
22.2.9 Testis
22.2.10 Ovary

22.3 Hormones of Heart, Kidney and Gastrointestinal Tract

22.4 Mechanism of Hormone Action

Chapter 1 – Reproduction in Organisms

1.1 Asexual Reproduction

1.2 Sexual Reproduction

1.2.1 Pre-fertilisation Events

1.2.1.1 Gametogenesis
1.2.1.2 Gamete Transfer

1.2.2 Fertilisation

1.2.3 Post-fertilisation Events

1.2.3.1 The Zygote
1.2.3.2 Embryogenesis

Chapter 2 – Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

2.1 Flower – A Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms

2.2 Pre-fertilisation : Structures and Events

2.2.1 Stamen, Microsporangium and Pollen Grain
2.2.2 The Pistil, Megasporangium (ovule) and Embryo sac
2.2.3 Pollination

2.3 Double Fertilisation

2.4 Post-fertilisation: Structures and Events

2.4.1 Endosperm
2.4.2 Embryo
2.4.3 Seed

2.5 Apomixis and Polyembryony

Chapter 3 – Human Reproduction

3.1 The Male Reproductive System
3.2 The Female Reproductive System
3.3 Gametogenesis
3.4 Menstrual Cycle
3.5 Fertilisation and Implantation
3.6 Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
3.7 Parturition and Lactation
Summary

Chapter 4 – Reproductive Health

4.1 Reproductive Health – Problems and Strategies
4.2 Population Explosion and Birth Control
4.3 Medical Termination of Pregnancy
4.4 Sexually Transmitted Diseases
4.5 Infertility
Summary

Chapter 5 – Principles of Inheritance and Variation

5.1 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

5.2 Inheritance of One Gene

5.2.1 Law of Dominance

5.2.2 Law of Segregation

5.2.2.1 Incomplete Dominance
5.2.2.2 Co-dominance

5.3 Inheritance of Two Genes

5.3.1 Law of Independent Assortment
5.3.2 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
5.3.3 Linkage and Recombination

5.4 Sex Determination

5.4.1 Sex Determination in Humans

5.5 Mutation

5.6 Genetic Disorders

5.6.1 Pedigree Analysis
5.6.2 Mendelian Disorders
5.6.3 Chromosomal disorders

Chapter 6 : Molecular Basis of Inheritance

6.1 The DNA

6.1.1 Structure of Polynucleotide Chain
6.1.2 Packaging of DNA Helix

6.2 The Search for Genetic Material

6.2.1 The Genetic Material is DNA
6.2.2 Properties of Genetic Material (DNA versus RNA)

6.3 RNA World

6.4 Replication

6.4.1 The Experimental Proof
6.4.2 The Machinery and the Enzymes

6.5 Transcription

6.5.1 Transcription Unit
6.5.2 Transcription Unit and the Gene
6.5.3 Types of RNA and the process of Transcription

6.6 Genetic Code

6.6.1 Mutations and Genetic Code
6.6.2 tRNA– the Adapter Molecule

6.7 Translation

6.8 Regulation of Gene Expression

6.8.1 The Lac operon

6.9 Human Genome Project

6.9.1 Salient Features of Human Genome
6.9.2 Applications and Future Challenges

6.10 DNA Fingerprinting

Chapter 7 : Evolution

7.1 Origin of Life
7.2 Evolution of Life Forms – A Theory
7.3 What are the Evidences for Evolution?
7.4 What is Adaptive Radiation?
7.5 Biological Evolution
7.6 Mechanism of Evolution
7.7 Hardy – Weinberg Principle
7.8 A Brief Account of Evolution
7.9 Origin and Evolution of Man
Summary

Chapter 8 – Human Health and Disease

8.1 Common Diseases in Humans

8.2 Immunity

8.2.1 Innate Immunity
8.2.2 Acquired Immunity
8.2.3 Active and Passive Immunity
8.2.4 Vaccination and Immunisation
8.2.5 Allergies
8.2.6 Auto Immunity
8.2.7 Immune System in the Body

8.5 Drugs and Alcohol Abuse

8.5.1 Adolescence and Drug/Alcohol Abuse
8.5.2 Addiction and Dependence
8.5.3 Effects of Drug/Alcohol Abuse
8.5.4 Prevention and Control

Chapter 9 – Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

9.1 Animal Husbandry

9.1.1 Management of Farms and Farm Animals

9.1.1.1 Dairy Farm Management
9.1.1.2 Poultry Farm Management

9.1.2 Animal Breeding

9.1.3 Bee-keeping

9.1.4 Fisheries

9.2 Plant Breeding

9.2.1 What is Plant Breeding?
9.2.2 Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance
9.2.3 Plant Breeding for Developing Resistance to Insect Pests
9.2.4 Plant Breeding for Improved Food Quality

9.3 Single Cell Proteins

9.4 Tissue Culture

Chapter 10 : Microbes in Human Welfare

10.1 Microbes in Household Products

10.2 Microbes in Industrial Products

10.2.1 Fermented Beverages
10.2.2 Antibiotics
10.2.3 Chemicals, Enzymes and other Bioactive Molecules

10.3 Microbes in Sewage Treatment

10.4 Microbes in Production of Biogas

10.5 Microbes as Biocontrol Agents

10.6 Microbes as Biofertilisers

Chapter 11 – Biotechnology : Principles and Processes

11.1 Principles of Biotechnology

11.2 Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology

11.2.1 Restriction Enzymes
11.2.2 Cloning Vectors
11.2.3 Competent Host (For Transformation with Recombinant DNA)

11.3 Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology

11.3.1 Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA)
11.3.2 Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations
11.3.3 Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR
11.3.4 Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host Cell/Organism
11.3.5 Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product

11.3.6 Downstream Processing

Chapter 12 – Biotechnology and its Applications

12.1 Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture

12.2 Biotechnological Applications in Medicine

12.2.1 Genetically Engineered Insulin
12.2.2 Gene Therapy
12.2.3 Molecular Diagnosis

12.3 Transgenic Animals

12.4 Ethical Issues

Unit – 10

Chapter 13 : Organisms and Populations

13.1 Organism and Its Environment

13.1.1 Major Abiotic Factors
13.1.2 Responses to Abiotic Factors
13.1.3 Adaptations

13.2 Populations

13.2.1 Population Attributes
13.2.2 Population Growth
13.2.3 Life History Variation
13.2.4 Population Interactions

Chapter 14 : Ecosystem

14.1 Ecosystem–Structure and Function

14.2. Productivity

14.3 Decomposition

14.4 Energy Flow

14.5 Ecological Pyramids

14.6 Ecological Succession

14.6.1 Succession of Plants

14.7 Nutrient Cycling

14.7.1 Ecosystem – Carbon Cycle
14.7.2 Ecosystem – Phosphorus Cycle

14.8 Ecosystem Services

Chapter 15 : Biodiversity and Conservation

15.1 Biodiversity

15.1.1 How Many Species are there on Earth and How Many in India?
15.1.2 Patterns of Biodiversity
15.1.3 The importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystem
15.1.4 Loss of Biodiversity

15.2 Biodiversity Conservation

15.2.1 Why Should We Conserve Biodiversity?
15.2.2 How do we conserve Biodiversity?

Chapter 16 : Environmental Issues

16.1 Air Pollution and Its Control

16.1.1 Controlling Vehicular Air Pollution: A Case Study of Delhi

16.2 Water Pollution and Its Control

16.2.1 Domestic Sewage and Industrial Effluents
16.2.2 A Case Study of Integrated Waste Water Treatment

16.3 Solid Wastes

16.3.1 Case Study of Remedy for Plastic Waste

16.4 Agro-chemicals and their Effects

16.4.1 Case Study of Organic Farming

16.5 Radioactive Wastes

16.6 Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming

16.7 Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere

16.8 Degradation by Improper Resource Utilisation and Maintenance

16.9 Deforestation

16.9.1 Case Study of People’s Participation in Conservation of Forests

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